126 dustwind circle7/4/2023 Observational history īetelgeuse and its red coloration have been noted since antiquity the classical astronomer Ptolemy described its color as ὑπόκιρρος ( hypókirrhos = more or less orange-tawny), a term that was later described by a translator of Ulugh Beg's Zij-i Sultani as rubedo, Latin for "ruddiness". It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names. The WGSN's first bulletin, issued July 2016, included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Betelgeuse for this star. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The / ˈ b iː t əl dʒ uː s/ pronunciation has been popularized for sounding like "beetle juice". Pronunciation in German and several other European languages is In English, there are four common pronunciations of this name, depending on whether the first e is pronounced short or long and whether the s is pronounced "s" or "z": An error, in the 13th century AD, reading the Arabic ya as ba led to the European name. The traditional name Betelgeuse has been derived from the Arabic يد الجوزاء Yad al-Jauzā’ "the hand of al-Jauzā’ ". The star's designation is α Orionis (Latinised to Alpha Orionis), given by Johann Bayer in 1603. This cast material millions of miles from the star that then cooled to form the dust that caused the star's dimming. A study using the Hubble Space Telescope suggests that occluding dust was created by a surface mass ejection. Infrared observations found no significant change in luminosity over the last 50 years, suggesting that the dimming was due to a change in extinction around the star rather than a more fundamental change. It then returned to a more normal brightness range, reaching a peak of 0.0 visual and 0.1 V-band magnitude in April 2023. Starting in October 2019, Betelgeuse began to dim noticeably, and by mid-February 2020 its brightness had dropped by a factor of approximately 3, from magnitude 0.5 to 1.7. The Earth-observed angular diameter of Betelgeuse is exceeded only by those of R Doradus and the Sun. It is also surrounded by a complex, asymmetric envelope, roughly 250 times the size of the star, caused by mass loss from the star itself. Subsequent studies have reported an angular diameter (i.e., apparent size) ranging from 0.042 to 0.056 arcseconds that range of determinations is ascribed to non-sphericity, limb darkening, pulsations and varying appearance at different wavelengths. In 1920, Betelgeuse became the first extrasolar star whose photosphere's angular size was measured. Having been ejected from its birthplace in the Orion OB1 association – which includes the stars in Orion's Belt – this runaway star has been observed to be moving through the interstellar medium at a speed of 30 km/s, creating a bow shock over four light-years wide. Less than 10 million years old, Betelgeuse has evolved rapidly because of its large mass and is expected to end its evolution with a supernova explosion, most likely within 100,000 years. For various reasons, its distance has been quite difficult to measure current best estimates are on the order of 500–600 light-years from the Sun – a comparatively wide uncertainty for a relatively nearby star. Calculations of Betelgeuse's mass range from slightly under ten to a little over twenty times that of the Sun. If it were at the center of our Solar System, its surface would lie beyond the asteroid belt and it would engulf the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Its Bayer designation is α Orionis, Latinised to Alpha Orionis and abbreviated Alpha Ori or α Ori. At near-infrared wavelengths, Betelgeuse is the brightest star in the night sky. It is a distinctly reddish, semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude, varying between +0.0 and +1.6, has the widest range displayed by any first-magnitude star. It is usually the tenth-brightest star in the night sky and, after Rigel, the second-brightest in the constellation of Orion.
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